Delayed maturity does not offset negative impact afflicted by ectoparasitism in salmon

Abstract

The negative effects of parasitism on host population dynamics may be mediated by plastic compensatory life-history changes in hosts. Theory predicts that hosts should shift their life-history towards early reproduction in response to virulent pathogens to maximize reproduction before death. However, for sublethal infections that affect growth, hosts whose fecundity is correlated with body size are predicted to shift towards delayed reproduction associated with larger body size and higher fecundity. This has been observed in Atlantic salmon and parasitic sea lice, via mark-recapture studies that recover mature fish from paired groups of control and parasiticide-treated smolts. We investigated whether such louse-induced changes to age at maturity can offset some of the negative effect of mortality on population growth rate in salmon using a structured population matrix model. Model results show that delayed maturity can partially compensate for reduced survival. However, this only occurs when marine survival is moderate to poor and growth conditions at sea are good. Also, the impact of delayed maturity on population growth when parameterizing the model with empirical data is negligible compared with effects of direct mortality. Our model thus suggests that management that works on minimizing the effect of sea lice from fish farms on wild salmon should focus mainly on correctly quantifying the effect of parasite-induced mortality during the smolt stage if the goal is to maximize population growth rate.